Identification of Hornets

Hornets are a specific type of wasp but are generally larger and more aggressive. There are a few common species of hornets, but the European hornet (Vespa crabro) is the most widespread in North America.

1. European Hornet (Vespa crabro)

• Appearance:

  • European hornets are large, measuring about 1 to 1.5 inches long.

  • They have a yellow and brown coloration, with darker stripes on their abdomen.

  • Their wings are brownish and slightly smoky.

  • They have a characteristic, smooth, and large head with visible mandibles (jaws).

2. Yellow Hornet (Vespa squamosa)

• Appearance:

  • Slightly smaller than the European hornet, but still larger than typical wasps.

  • They have a similar appearance, but with more pronounced yellow markings.

3. Bald-Faced Hornet (Dolichovespula maculata)

• Appearance:

  • A black-and-white hornet with a distinctive pale (almost white) face, making it one of the easiest to identify.

  • They are typically about 1/2 to 3/4 inch long and are more aggressive when defending their nests.

Nests and Habitats

Hornets build their nests in various locations, including:

• Trees and Shrubs: Hornets often create their nests in the branches of trees or large shrubs.

• Eaves of Buildings: They may build nests in sheltered areas under the eaves or roofs of homes, sheds, and other structures.

• Underground Nests: Some hornet species also create nests underground in old rodent burrows.

The nests are typically spherical or football-shaped, and made from papery material that the hornets create by chewing wood fibers mixed with their saliva.

Risks and Dangers of Hornets

1. Painful Stings

• Hornets are more aggressive than typical wasps, and they can sting multiple times. Their sting is more painful, and the venom contains a mix of toxins that can cause intense pain, swelling, and redness.

• Unlike bees, hornets do not lose their stinger when they sting, meaning they can sting repeatedly if threatened.

2. Allergic Reactions

• A sting from a hornet can cause an allergic reaction in some people, leading to symptoms such as swelling, hives, dizziness, or difficulty breathing. This can lead to anaphylaxis, which is a life-threatening reaction.

• People who are allergic to insect stings should take precautions and seek immediate medical help if stung.

3. Aggressive Behavior

• Hornets can be highly protective of their nests. If they feel their nest is threatened, they may become aggressive and swarm in defense.

• Swarms of hornets can become dangerous, especially if someone accidentally disturbs the nest.

4. Environmental Risks

• While hornets are beneficial by controlling pest populations, they can be a nuisance if they build nests near homes or public areas. Their stings and aggressive behavior pose risks to anyone who ventures too close.

Hornet Control and Prevention

1. Avoid Provoking Hornets

• If you come across a hornet nest, avoid disturbing it. Hornets are territorial and will defend their nests aggressively.

• Avoid wearing brightly colored clothing or strong perfumes, which may attract hornets.

• If you spot a hornet hovering near your home or yard, it may be scouting for a location to build a nest.

2. Remove Hornet Nests Safely

• Do Not Attempt DIY Removal: Hornet nest removal can be dangerous, especially if the nest is large or in an awkward location. Always exercise caution when attempting to remove a nest.

• Call a Professional Pest Control Service: The safest option is to hire a pest control professional to remove hornet nests. They have the equipment and experience to deal with the nest safely and effectively.

3. Treat the Nest with Insecticide

• If you have a hornet nest in a reachable area and are confident in your ability to remove it safely, you can use a commercial insecticide spray designed for hornet nests. These sprays are often formulated to reach nests from a distance, allowing you to treat the nest from a safe distance at night when hornets are less active.

4. Prevent Future Nesting

• Seal Entry Points: Make sure to seal any cracks or gaps around windows, doors, and other openings where hornets might enter your home to build nests.

• Remove Attractants: Hornets are attracted to sweet foods, so keep food and drinks sealed when outside, and clean up promptly after meals or barbecues.

• Trim Overhanging Branches: Trim tree branches that hang near your home or other structures where hornets may build nests.

5. Use Traps

• You can use hornet traps in your yard or garden to reduce hornet populations. These traps are designed to attract and capture hornets.